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Ilustrated
Biography of Atatürk and
May 19, 1919 He disembarks in Samsun. May 20, 1919 He cables to the Grand Vizier that he "cannot accept protection by a Foreign power. The greatest source of protection and support for me is in the bosom of my nation." May 26, 1919 The Ottoman Government decides to request the British mandate.Ataturk first message to all civilian and military officers of the Empire asking them to fight for freedom and independence of the country. June 22, 1919 He issues Amasya Declaration regarding the need for a national resistance against the invasion of foreign powers, and calls for the Sivas Congress of People's Representatives.
June 23, 1919 The Ottoman Government divests him from his official functions. July 8, 1919 He resigns from all functions in the Ottoman service and declares to be "a private individual". July 30, 1919 Upon British request the Ottoman Government orders his arrest. July 23-August 7,1919 Erzurum Congress convenes and declares the National Pact. August 3, 1919 Ataturk’s message to the American representatives in Istanbul: "The national movement’s real and definitive reason is the events that occurred in Izmir, and the threat of Armenian invasion. The objective of Congress of Erzurum is beyond the Unionist and Alliance partisans, it is above all the political movements". September 4-11, 1919 Sivas Congress convenes and confirms the Erzurum declaration. September 9, 1919 Ataturk’s letter to the American Congress announcing the decisions of the Sivas Congress: "We request that a group of Congressmen is sent to all corners of the Ottoman Empire to investigate the prevailing conditions and situation in the Empire with a clear conscience of a nation that has no special interest or relations. The investigation must be carried out before arbitrary decisions are taken for a peace treaty on the future of the Ottoman people and lands". September 24, 1919 Ataturk’s message to all foreign representatives in Istanbul denouncing their propaganda that the national action is aimed at non-Muslims, and requests them not to exploit the minorities. September, 1919 Upon the instigation of the British and the Ottoman Government, armed raids by several tribes and sheiks start against M. Kemal's national movement. October 24, 1919 Agreement between Italy and Russia is signed to partition the Ottoman Empire. January 4 & 7, 1920 Ataturk’s call for a national protest against French and Armenian atrocities perpetrated in southern provinces, and against the Greek attempt to annex Izmir. January 28, 1920 Adoption of the National Pact (Misak-i Milli) by the Parliament in Istanbul. The Pact was communicated to foreign parliaments on February 17. March 16, 1920 Istanbul is occupied by Allied troops. Ataturk sends a protest to all foreign representatives in the country and to their parliaments: "This occupation is an assault more on the principles of the 20th century civilization and on mankind’s conscience than on the Ottomans". April 11,1920 The Ottoman Parliament is abolished, and M. Kemal is sentenced to death by a religious decree. April 23, 1920 The Turkish Grand National Assembly opens presided by M. Kemal.
May 11, 1920 Ottoman Military Court adopts a death sentence for M. Kemal. August 10,1920 Sevres Treaty, partitioning Turkey between the colonial powers, is signed by the Ottoman Government. In all of 1920, Greek forces advance in Thrace and in Anatolia; Armenian armed attacks on eastern cities continue; tribal and religious reactionary fight against national forces spread to Adapazari, Bandirma, Balikesir, Bolu, Beypazari, Duzce, Hendek, Konya, Kohne, Mudurnu, Siverek, Yenihan, Yozgat, Zile. October 17,1920 Russia's request for independent Armenia is rejected by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. November 15, 1920 Armenian forces are defeated at Dahne. December 3, 1920 Peace Treaty of Gumru is signed with Armenia. January 20, 1921 The first Constitution of Turkey is adopted by the TGNA. "Turkish state is a republic. The state's official language is Turkish. Sovereignty belongs unconditionally and unreservedly to the nation. The Turkish Grand National Assembly is the sole and true representative of the people and exercises the nation's sovereign rights on its behalf. The Assembly exercises legislative powers. The executive power is exercised by a government designated by the President. Judicial power is exercised by an independent judiciary on behalf of the people." March 1, 1921 The Turkish Grand National Assembly rejects the Sevres Treaty. The Greek Parliament declares that "No Article of the Sevres Treaty may be changed."
March 13, 1921 Italy signes the agreement for the withdrawal of their troops from Anatolia. March 16, 1921 Peace Treaty of Moscow is signed with Russia. April 12, 1921 Turkish Grand National Assembly resolution bans the fez. Ataturk protests to the whole world Greek atrocities committed in Anatolia, and accepts 30.000 gold Rubles donated by the Soviets to help the victims of Greek atrocities. August
5, 1921 He is assigned Commander in Chief bearing all the powers of
the National Assembly to launch the final offensive against the occupying
foreign forces.
September 13, 1921 He defeats the Greek army under the personal command of King Constantine at Sakarya. October 13, 1921 Peace agreement of Kars is signed with Azerbeijan, Georgia, and Armenia. October 20, 1921 France signs the agreement for the withdrawal of their troops from Anatolia. August 26-September 9, 1922 Final battle with Greek forces at Afyon ends with Turkish victory. Greeks evacuate Izmir after setting it to fire. September 4/5, 1922 Allied powers propose truce. Ataturk’s answer that a truce concerning Anatolia is not in question, it may be considered only for Thrace. September
12/13, 1922 British Fleet Commander enquires from Ataturk whether
the Ankara Government is at war with Britain. Ataturk replies "The
two governments can establish political relations common to general practices.
Ankara is at war with Greece, and Turkish troops are ready to cross over
to Thrace." September
16, 1922 British Government orders reinforcement of military in the
Neutral Zones of Dardanelles and Bosphorus. September 23, 1922 Turkish troops enter the Neutral Zone in Dardanelles. Allied powers offer truce and convening of a peace conference. September 25, 1922 Turkish troops enter the Neutral Zone in Bosphorus.
September
26, 1922 Ataturk replies to the British request to withdraw from the
Neutral Zone: " We are not aware of a neutral zone agreed between
the Ankara government and the Allied Powers. Our forces are in pursuit
of defeated Greek army". September 29, 1922 Ataturk replies his acceptance of the truce offer. Negotiations start in Mudanya on October 3 and Truce is signed on October 11. October 11, 1922 Occupying forces sign armistice with the Turkish military. October 20, 1922 British Prime Minister Lloyd George is forced to resign as a result of his failure of his Anatolian venture. November 1, 1922 The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolishes the Sultanate. Ataturk addresses the Parliament stating that sovereignty belongs only to the people represented by the National Assembly. November 17, 1922 Sultan leaves Istanbul under British protection. January 30, 1923 An agreement is signed between Greece and Turkey for exchange of populations in respective territories. July 24, 1923 The signing of the Lausanne Treaty between Turkey and Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania and Serbo-Croat-Slovenian Union. The Treaty determines the national borders of today's Turkey, the regime applicable to the Straits, to foreigners in Turkey and to Turkish citizens in the relinquished Ottoman lands, and to the settlement of credits and debts between the Parties. While Greece recognized its obligation to compensate for the damages it caused by its military action in Turkey, considering the financial difficulty that Greece was in, Turkey renounced its claims. The Treaty also provided for the exchange of citizens between Greece and Turkey, and for the rights of the Turkish minority in Thrace. October 2, 1923 Occupying forces leave Istanbul. October 13, 1923 Ankara is declared the capital city. Atatürk's formative years • War against occupying Colonial powers • Political and cultural reforms |
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